/CS /DeviceRGB We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. endobj 2018. >> endobj >> /Filter /FlateDecode Local governments created with administrative and financial autonomy have two sources of revenue (internal and external) to promote development at the grassroot. the federal and state governments in Nigeria to boost revenue generation under a programme known as the Accelerated Revenue Generation (ARG) Programme. r_ w=[,()l9"] JETfKIXpEq)h5-B(3+r;&uJ_=~_9=0 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] How did the TCJA affect tax expenditures? Todaro, M. P. (2015). (Sources of state general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.). /Type /Page endobj /Group << How does the tax system subsidize child care expenses? State and local governments collected a combined $3.5 trillion of general revenues in fiscal year 2019. /Group << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb endobj /S /Transparency How do the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes work? /Im2 19 0 R Taxes provided 42 percent of local general revenues, including: Charges, such as city revenue from sewerage and parking fees, when combined, provided 18 percent of local general revenues in 2019. Based on option B; 72 respondents (38.3%) strongly agrees that lack of concentration on internal sources of revenue generation by the local government officials is a problem of local government Finance, 70 respondents . << In Finland, for example, fines for speeding are broadly linked to the income of violators and how far over the speed limit they were traveling when caught. /F1 20 0 R What criticisms are levied against standard distributional analysis? What are defined contribution retirement plans? Would tax evasion and avoidance be a significant problem for a national retail sales tax? 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, May 16, 2018, un.org. /Meta38 38 0 R endobj /F5 40 0 R >> Local governments collected $509 billion from property taxes in 2017, or 30 percent of local government general revenue. /Parent 2 0 R 11 0 obj Intergovernmental transfers accounted for 36 percent of local general revenue in 2017 (figure 1). What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there? >> Filipatali, T. (2013). /Resources << >> The finding revealed that there is an average relationship between local government finance and development as other factors like proper utilization and administrative competence are necessary in development. /S /Transparency /Meta62 60 0 R What are tax credits and how do they differ from tax deductions? /Meta39 39 0 R Small businesses . How do US corporate income tax rates and revenues compare with other countries? In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited engineering permit for a surcharge of 40 percent of the permits cost. /Image93 73 0 R How does the federal budget process work? Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. >> What is the TCJA repatriation tax and how does it work? Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. /Font << What are the sources of revenue for state governments? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 841.92] /XObject << B)`g5(^S1,=ql&{YwEzLgH`g\zwnka \ji2(-.$(ULd\y=fUgW +Oq^!PEcmht?&TV)nP-kqs+Y: All major sources of revenue have grown in real dollars since 1977, with charges seeing the largest increase in percentage terms ($132 billion in 1977 to $575billion in 2019, or a 337 percent increase) and transfers seeing the largest increase in total dollars ($263 billion in 1977 to $762 billion in 2019, or a 189 percent increase). >> Cities could also increase value from unused land plots through monetizing them either as lease contracts or through other more innovative publicprivate partnership structures, such as joint development agreements or joint ventures (Exhibit 4). We also look into the future in an. >> /F4 23 0 R Hence the various sources of local government finance have become very crucial in order to foster development at all levels of governance. R[? /Parent 2 0 R trailer /Count 10 /Image97 76 0 R Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and Development theories. "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." The logic is that, in areas where the revenue capacity is high, a relative higher tax . (eds) The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria. The capacity of local government to generate revenue internally is one very crucial consideration for the creation of a local council. US Census Bureau. Diesel fuel used in processing, manufacturing, refining, generating electricity, irrigation or farming, or by any hospital may startxref What are the major federal payroll taxes, and how much money do they raise? https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government. /F5 24 0 R Issues in public administration and Local government: The comparative perspective. >> Meanwhile, revenue from sales taxes steadily increased from 5 percent to 7 percent between 1977 to 2017 (figure 2). /Image8 18 0 R Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances. Hassan, M. M. (2011). 5/27/2020. One strategy that cities have followed is introducing an amnesty program for delinquent parking tickets that waives penalties and additional fines as an incentive for motorists to pay up. These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. A simulation of 8,760 h year-round was performed for the provincial market containing the integrated generation plant without energy storage. /Font << Please try again later. /Type /Group /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] >> /F3 22 0 R Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. endobj What did the 200810 tax stimulus acts do? Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. The percentage fell to a low of 8.0 percent in 1984 and peaked at 9.9 percent in 2009. What would and would not be taxed under a VAT? But, communities are still facing a numerous difficulties in access to basic goods and services from local governments Authorities (Pradeep, 2011). /Font << Google Scholar. 14 0 obj Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. >> INTRODUCTION Nigeria is a sovereign nation. /XObject << Form 2, or on the appropriate line on Nebraska and Local Sales and Use Tax Return, Form 10 . What are the drawbacks of return-free filing? What would be the effect of a national retail sales tax on economic growth? 2. /Type /Page How did the TCJA affect the federal budget outlook? /CS /DeviceRGB >> 12 0 obj 1 0 obj N /Contents 67 0 R <> To instill a culture of performance, organizations should set targets for net revenues and select key performance indicators (KPIs). Some are widely practiced, while others represent emerging and innovative options for city governments to pursue. x\KF+BGPpF^H bCfz(a11mGVV_faw1^o|mew5t'7=^$MDDRYTR7*::'W{o7/jBl\~?vM/ What are the Social Security trust funds, and how are they financed? Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? This intervention is typically most applicable to service feesspecifically, utility services such as water, sewage, or electricity. Regarding dissipation, figure 4 shows the time series power curtailment of an integrated generation plant without energy storage. As such, federal transfers as a share of state general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. >> 4 0 obj University of Lagos Press. /Pages 2 0 R an increment in revenue generation capacity of MMDAs (Ohemeng & OfosuDarkwah, 2014), the notion that egovernment enhances revenue capacity of state institutions is contentious and needs further investigation. Development which is a necessity in every society can be achieved to a great extent with adequate resources. /GS31 30 0 R recommended that the local government should provide basic amenities of high quality. For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. Two Decades in Effect: Volume-Based Waste Fee System in South Korea, Ministry of Environment, South Korea, January 2016. stream CrossRef (2009). /F2 21 0 R >> /Tabs /S The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria pp 325343Cite as. Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. /F4 23 0 R What is the difference between marginal and average tax rates? 5 Randall, Megan, Tracy Gordon, Solomon Greene, and Erin Huffer. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(8),113123. endobj /Contents 79 0 R /Parent 2 0 R For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. /Tabs /S /Image8 18 0 R What tax incentives exist for higher education? /ExtGState << How accurate are long-run budget projections? The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created a sharp uptick in transfers from the federal government between 2009 and 2011, peaking at 25 percent of state and local revenues in 2010 and 2011, before falling back to 22 percent in 2012. /F1 20 0 R /F1 20 0 R /Tabs /S /Parent 2 0 R For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. What is the difference between a tax-exclusive and tax-inclusive sales tax rate? /S /Transparency /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Municipalities often levy charges and taxes on property owners as well as on income, sales, and other transactions. 0000003348 00000 n We show that increased revenues from shale gas and oil during this period are strongly associated with decreased local government relianceonnesandfeesasrevenuesources. To establish this dedicated unit, cities could create a cross-functional workforce with representatives from different departments, including finance, planning, property, legislation, and key municipalities. 4, Government Finances. Part of Springer Nature. For cities and counties, property tax revenue makes up 61% of own-source tax revenuerevenue from taxes the local government leviesby far their largest tax source. 3.16.1 Introduction. In: Oloruntoba, S.O. Simple, Fair, and Pro-Growth: Proposals to Fix Americas Tax System, Report of the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, November 2005, The Moment of Truth: Report of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, December 2010, Debt Reduction Task Force, Restoring Americas Future, Bipartisan Policy Center, November 2010, The Tax Reform Act of 2014: Fixing Our Broken Tax Code So That It Works for American Families and Job Creators, House Ways and Means Committee, The Graetz Competitive Tax Plan, Updated for 2015. It is very important especially for developing countries because in developing . <>>> 9 0 obj /Resources << /Resources << /CS /DeviceRGB In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . /Image85 72 0 R /Contents 70 0 R The potential effect on electricity prices is discussed in the Additional Comments section below. 9 0 obj 4. >> Contemporary issues in local government administration in Nigeria. >> What is return-free filing and how would it work? >> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in International Journal of Arts and Humanities Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2(3), S/No. Taxes, fees, and user charges are considered "own-source" revenue. Public administration: Theory, analysis and application. What are state balanced budget requirements and how do they work? Optimizing land monetization has the potential to double baseline revenue from income-generating assets. 2.1.2 Section 81 of the Local Government Act, 1997 (amended) allows Local Government to mobilise revenue in form thof fees and taxes as specified in the 5 schedule. Within this larger context, the ability of local governments to successfully and sustainably use revenue powers depends on an appropriate multi-dimensional constitutional/legal/ administrative framework. 11. /GS7 17 0 R /Group << There is no one route that cities can or should take to boost revenues. 5366 0 obj<>stream >> Emerging countries and regions will see the greatest increase in their urban populations, and China, India, and Nigeria represent slightly more than a third of the projected growth in that time frame. In our experience, governments that pursue a practical approach to revenue generation can capture up to 50 percent of incremental revenues. How does the availability of tax-favored retirement saving affect national saving? Can poor families benefit from the child tax credit? (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? >> If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. I. I. ntroduction What is global intangible low-taxed income and how is it taxed under the TCJA? /S /Transparency % Rakson Nigeria Ltd. Okotoni, O. /Meta37 37 0 R A new tax on plastic would raise revenues and also benefit the environment. << Charges and taxes. What are municipal bonds and how are they used? Another 6percent of localgeneral revenue came from miscellaneous sources such as amounts received from the sale of property and interest from some investment securities. Allocating resource revenues directly to citizens may reduce poverty and improve natural resource revenue accountability, though it may also starve the government of revenues for public investments. /Type /Page 1 0 obj essential social services to the people. What are tax expenditures and how are they structured? Cities should consider the following areas: Collectively, these assessments will help cities to produce a prioritized list of levers for implementation. What is the schedule for the federal budget process? /Meta50 52 0 R Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. Fajobi, O. F. (2010). responsibilities in the federation. /Resources << 3. /Meta54 51 0 R Following the clear identification of interventions and opportunities, cities can set priorities based on social acceptance, economic impact, and ease of implementation. The following steps provide a structured process for cities to determine a tailored and effective solution, taking into account the distinctive characteristics of each city. >> /StructParents 6 /Length 5747 Agu (2010) examined the . /GS7 17 0 R incentive from a state or local government and are encouraged to claim the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, a separate incentive administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service that provides a federal income tax credit for qualifying ca pital investments in a facility for which /S /Transparency A citizens guide to the fascinating (though often complex) elements of the US tax system. /Meta57 46 0 R Who would qualify for return-free filing? % /Group << What would and would not be taxed under a national retail sales tax? /F3 84 0 R 0v=.7&YP ?SfqZBEFowu8-RmHaav,Ax5dT# /StructParents 0 !ODL 2}PE^eF}6m 0|A h%D|k[ To serve as the third tier of government through which appropriate services and development are made in response to the wishes of local community through their representatives. 10 0 obj What is the Medicare trust fund, and how is it financed? `` own-source '' revenue local governments collected a combined $ 3.5 trillion of general in... 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